{"id":589,"date":"2014-10-21T02:11:19","date_gmt":"2014-10-21T02:11:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\/?p=589"},"modified":"2014-10-21T02:11:19","modified_gmt":"2014-10-21T02:11:19","slug":"review-of-perspectives-on-western-sahara-myths-nationalisms-and-geopolitics-ed-by-anouar-boukhars-and-jacques-roussellier","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\/index.php\/2014\/10\/21\/review-of-perspectives-on-western-sahara-myths-nationalisms-and-geopolitics-ed-by-anouar-boukhars-and-jacques-roussellier\/","title":{"rendered":"Review of “Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics,” ed. by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier"},"content":{"rendered":"

Beware academic volumes that bear this disclaimer: \u201cThe views expressed are those of the authors alone.\u201d Perspectives on Western Sahara, edited by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier, contains several chapters in which this caveat is made. And for good reason: Perspectives on Western Sahara is primarily a political text, one backed by well-researched, if sometimes problematic, accounts of the conflict\u2019s local, regional, and global dynamics. Most of the contributors have backgrounds in government, consulting, and think tanks; the others have formal academic positions. Several are well known for their defense of Morocco\u2019s position on Western Sahara; others seem to have been recruited or shanghaied into the cause with little to no research or publication background on the issue. One of the chapters, an analysis of United States foreign policy towards the conflict, is even authored by two former US Foreign Service Officers who now work as lobbyists for Morocco, Edward Gabriel and Robert Holley. Boukhars and Roussellier\u2019s collection also serves as a pro-Moroccan response to Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution, which this reviewer coauthored with Stephen Zunes in 2010.<\/p>\n

The Western Sahara conflict itself began in 1975, when Morocco invaded the colony of Spanish Sahara just as Madrid was planning to grant it independence. Local nationalist insurgents, supported by Algeria, fought Morocco in a desert war until the United Nations arrived in 1991 promising to end the dispute by holding a referendum. Given the high stakes involved in such a vote, the UN Security Council proved unwilling to force the issue. Soon after Morocco\u2019s current ruler, King Muhammad VI, took power in 1999, he preferred to offer Western Sahara autonomy instead of a vote on independence. The United Nations has yet to find a compromise solution between Morocco\u2019s claim of sovereignty over Western Sahara and the native population\u2019s right to vote on independence.<\/p>\n

Despite a clear bias in Perspectives on Western Sahara, several of the chapters make honest and dispassionate efforts to explicate important aspects of the conflict. Historians Osama Abi-Mershed and Adam Farrar (Chapter 1) provide a succinct and effective account of the conflict\u2019s origins; international relations scholar William Zartman (Chapter 3) offers a refreshingly candid evaluation of the interlocking nature of Morocco\u2019s domestic and foreign policies towards the Sahara; anthropologist Aomar Boum (Chapter 12) critiques romanticized accounts of life in the Western Saharan refugee camps in Algeria; and analyst Khadidja Mohsen-Finan (chapter 13) superbly documents how the new and old regional forces \u2014 historical Moroccan-Algerian antagonisms, the oscillations of democracy witnessed in the \u201cArab Spring,\u201d the destabilizing influence of al-Qa\u2018ida affiliates in the central Sahara desert \u2014 will keep the Western Sahara impasse in a state of suspended animation. Though there are many insights in Perspectives on Western Sahara, the least valuable one \u2014 from the perspective of any would-be mediator unlucky enough to find themselves at the Western Sahara negotiating table \u2014 is likely its conclusion. Penned by J. Peter Pham, the volume\u2019s final chapter is a simplistic paean to Morocco\u2019s 2007 proposal to end the conflict by granting Western Sahara limited self-governance under Moroccan sovereignty.<\/p>\n

Perspectives on Western Sahara is thus the most coherent intellectual defense of the Moroccan position on the Western Sahara conflict currently available. While this virtue is also a major fault of the volume, it is nonetheless indicative of an evolution in Moroccan thinking on the Western Sahara conflict. A decade ago, a volume of this sort would have been unthinkable within the constraints of Moroccan political and academic discourse vis-\u00e0-vis the question of the \u201cSaharan Provinces.\u201d For example, one chapter admits the authentic existence of Western Saharan nationalism (Stephen J. King, Chapter 4); another admits Western Sahara\u2019s inviolable right to independence under international law (Joshua Castellino and Elvira Dom\u00ednguez-Redondo, Chapter 2); and another essentially describes the illegality of both Morocco\u2019s acquisition of the territory in 1975 and its continued exploitation of the territory\u2019s natural resources (Glynn Torres-Spelliscy, Chapter 11). Though the Moroccan equivalent of Israel\u2019s \u201cnew historians\u201d have yet to emerge (note that very few Moroccan scholars actually contributed to this collection), Perspectives on Western Sahara…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Beware academic volumes that bear this disclaimer: \u201cThe views expressed are those of the authors alone.\u201d Perspectives on Western Sahara, edited by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier, contains several chapters in which this caveat is made. And for good reason: Perspectives on Western Sahara is primarily a political text, one backed by well-researched, if sometimes problematic, accounts of the conflict\u2019s local, regional, and global dynamics. Most of the contributors have backgrounds in government, consulting, and think tanks; the others have formal academic positions. Several are well known for their defense of Morocco\u2019s position on Western Sahara; others seem to have been recruited or shanghaied into the cause with little to no research or publication background on the issue. One of the chapters, an analysis of United States foreign policy towards the conflict, is even authored by two former US Foreign Service Officers who now work as lobbyists for Morocco, Edward Gabriel and Robert Holley. Boukhars and Roussellier\u2019s collection also serves as a pro-Moroccan response to Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution, which this reviewer coauthored with Stephen Zunes in 2010. …read more<\/a><\/p>\n

Citation: Jacob Mundy, “Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics ed. by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier (review),” The Middle East Journal<\/i>, 68(4), Autumn 2014, pp. 653-654 | 10.1353\/mej.2014.0094<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[13,37,60,61,72,105],"class_list":["post-589","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog","tag-anouar-boukhars","tag-edward-gabriel","tag-j-peter-pham","tag-jacques-roussellier","tag-middle-east-journal","tag-robert-holley"],"yoast_head":"\nReview of "Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics," ed. by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier - Western Sahara: War, Nationalism & Conflict Irresolution<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\/index.php\/2014\/10\/21\/review-of-perspectives-on-western-sahara-myths-nationalisms-and-geopolitics-ed-by-anouar-boukhars-and-jacques-roussellier\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Review of "Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics," ed. by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier - Western Sahara: War, Nationalism & Conflict Irresolution\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Beware academic volumes that bear this disclaimer: \u201cThe views expressed are those of the authors alone.\u201d Perspectives on Western Sahara, edited by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier, contains several chapters in which this caveat is made. And for good reason: Perspectives on Western Sahara is primarily a political text, one backed by well-researched, if sometimes problematic, accounts of the conflict\u2019s local, regional, and global dynamics. Most of the contributors have backgrounds in government, consulting, and think tanks; the others have formal academic positions. Several are well known for their defense of Morocco\u2019s position on Western Sahara; others seem to have been recruited or shanghaied into the cause with little to no research or publication background on the issue. One of the chapters, an analysis of United States foreign policy towards the conflict, is even authored by two former US Foreign Service Officers who now work as lobbyists for Morocco, Edward Gabriel and Robert Holley. Boukhars and Roussellier\u2019s collection also serves as a pro-Moroccan response to Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution, which this reviewer coauthored with Stephen Zunes in 2010. ...read more Citation: Jacob Mundy, "Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics ed. by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier (review)," The Middle East Journal, 68(4), Autumn 2014, pp. 653-654 | 10.1353\/mej.2014.0094\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\/index.php\/2014\/10\/21\/review-of-perspectives-on-western-sahara-myths-nationalisms-and-geopolitics-ed-by-anouar-boukhars-and-jacques-roussellier\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Western Sahara: War, Nationalism & Conflict Irresolution\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2014-10-21T02:11:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\\\/index.php\\\/2014\\\/10\\\/21\\\/review-of-perspectives-on-western-sahara-myths-nationalisms-and-geopolitics-ed-by-anouar-boukhars-and-jacques-roussellier\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\\\/index.php\\\/2014\\\/10\\\/21\\\/review-of-perspectives-on-western-sahara-myths-nationalisms-and-geopolitics-ed-by-anouar-boukhars-and-jacques-roussellier\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e9b50b8d39f81667ce834ad87f8035ba\"},\"headline\":\"Review of “Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, Nationalisms, and Geopolitics,” ed. by Anouar Boukhars and Jacques Roussellier\",\"datePublished\":\"2014-10-21T02:11:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\\\/index.php\\\/2014\\\/10\\\/21\\\/review-of-perspectives-on-western-sahara-myths-nationalisms-and-geopolitics-ed-by-anouar-boukhars-and-jacques-roussellier\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":694,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wsahara.stephenzunes.org\\\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"Anouar Boukhars\",\"Edward Gabriel\",\"J. 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